The Aztec Creation Myth: The Birth of the Fifth Sun

I. Introduction to Aztec Mythology

Aztec mythology is a rich tapestry of beliefs and narratives that shaped the worldview of one of the most influential civilizations in Mesoamerica. At the core of these beliefs is a deep reverence for the gods and the natural world, which was perceived as a dynamic and interconnected web of life.

Creation myths played a pivotal role in Aztec culture, serving not only as stories of origins but also as frameworks for understanding the cosmos and humanity’s place within it. Among these narratives, the concept of the Five Suns stands out, representing different epochs of creation and destruction.

II. The Preceding Suns: A Brief Overview

According to Aztec mythology, the universe has undergone multiple cycles of creation, each defined by a sun. The previous four suns are:

• 1. The First Sun (Tezcatlipoca): This sun was made of jaguars and was destroyed by a great flood.
• 2. The Second Sun (Tlaloc): Governed by the rain god, this sun was characterized by the presence of water and ended with a rain of fire.
• 3. The Third Sun (Quetzalcoatl): This sun, associated with the Feathered Serpent, was destroyed by a great wind, turning its inhabitants into monkeys.
• 4. The Fourth Sun (Xipe Totec): Known as the sun of movement, it was ultimately consumed by fire, leading to the transformation of its people into birds.

The cyclical nature of these suns illustrates the Aztec belief in renewal and destruction, emphasizing that life and death are interconnected processes that drive the universe.

III. The Role of Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl

Central to the creation myth are two powerful deities: Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl. These gods embody opposing forces and play crucial roles in the cosmic drama of creation.

A. Tezcatlipoca: The God of Night and Destiny

Tezcatlipoca, often depicted as a sorcerer and deity of the night, represents chaos and conflict. His name translates to “Smoking Mirror,” reflecting his connection to the obsidian stone and his ability to see into the hearts of men. He is a manipulative force, often challenging the other gods to assert his dominance.

B. Quetzalcoatl: The Feathered Serpent and God of Wind

In contrast, Quetzalcoatl symbolizes creation, knowledge, and life. Known as the Feathered Serpent, he is associated with wind, the dawn, and fertility. Quetzalcoatl’s compassion often puts him at odds with Tezcatlipoca, leading to conflict that shapes the cosmos.

IV. The Creation of the Fifth Sun

The creation of the Fifth Sun is marked by a cosmic battle between Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl. This conflict resulted in a series of sacrifices that were vital for the birth of the new sun.

A. The Cosmic Battle

In the struggle for supremacy, the gods fought fiercely. Tezcatlipoca, with his cunning and ruthless nature, sought to assert his control over the cosmos, while Quetzalcoatl aimed to create a balanced world.

B. The Sacrifice of the Gods

To bring forth the Fifth Sun, the gods agreed to sacrifice themselves. This act of selflessness was crucial, as it provided the energy and essence needed for the sun to rise. The gods transformed into the sun and moon, granting light to the world.

C. The Significance of Blood and Sacrifice

In Aztec beliefs, blood and sacrifice are of utmost importance. The act of offering oneself or others is seen as a way to nourish the gods and keep the universe in balance. This belief is reflected in various rituals and ceremonies that permeated Aztec society.

V. The Birth of Humanity

With the emergence of the Fifth Sun, humanity was created to inhabit the world. The gods played a direct role in shaping humans from maize, which was considered sacred.

A. How the Fifth Sun Gave Rise to the Current Human Race

The Fifth Sun not only marked a new epoch but also facilitated the birth of humans who would sustain the cycle of life. The gods crafted humanity from a mixture of the earth and maize, symbolizing their connection to the natural world.

B. The Role of the Gods in Shaping Humans from Maize

Maize, or corn, holds significant cultural importance in Mesoamerica. The gods infused their essence into the maize, ensuring that humans would possess both divine qualities and earthly needs.

C. The Connection Between the Gods and Human Existence

This creation narrative emphasizes the relationship between the gods and humans, portraying humanity as a reflection of divine will and intention. The existence of humans is thus intertwined with the fate of the gods.

VI. The Cycle of Time and the Fifth Sun

The Aztec calendar is a critical aspect of understanding the relationship between the suns and the passage of time.

A. Understanding the Aztec Calendar and Its Relation to the Suns

The calendar consists of 18 months, each with 20 days, plus a short period of 5 “empty” days. Each sun corresponds to a specific age, reflecting the cyclical nature of time.

B. The Notion of Time and Cycles in Aztec Cosmology

Time is seen as non-linear, with each cycle of creation representing both an end and a new beginning. This cyclical understanding reinforces the belief in the ongoing relationship between life, death, and rebirth.

C. Predictions about the Fate of the Fifth Sun

It is foretold that the Fifth Sun will also face destruction, which raises questions about the future of humanity and the universe. This belief fosters a sense of urgency in maintaining the cosmos through rituals and sacrifices.

VII. Cultural Legacy and Influence

The creation myth of the Fifth Sun has profoundly influenced Aztec society, shaping its rituals, art, and worldview.

A. The Impact of the Creation Myth on Aztec Society and Rituals

The narrative inspired numerous rituals aimed at appeasing the gods and ensuring cosmic balance. Ceremonies often involved offerings and sacrifices, reflecting the myth’s emphasis on the importance of blood and devotion.

B. How the Myth Is Reflected in Art, Literature, and Architecture

Aztec art and architecture often depict scenes from the creation myth, illustrating the gods and the cosmic struggle. Temples, codices, and sculptures serve as historical records of these beliefs.

C. Contemporary Interpretations and Relevance of the Myth

Today, the creation myth continues to resonate with modern audiences, inspiring artists, authors, and scholars. Its themes of sacrifice, renewal, and humanity’s connection to the divine remain relevant in various cultural contexts.

VIII. Conclusion

The creation of the Fifth Sun is a foundational narrative in Aztec mythology, encapsulating the civilization’s beliefs about life, death, and the cosmos. This myth not only explains the origins of humanity but also highlights the significance of sacrifice and the cyclical nature of existence.

As we reflect on the enduring legacy of the creation myth, we are reminded of the intricate connections between the divine and the human experience. Exploring Aztec mythology invites us to delve deeper into its rich themes and appreciate the cultural heritage that has shaped our understanding of the world.