The Four Previous Suns: Myths of Aztec Cosmology

I. Introduction to Aztec Cosmology

The Aztec worldview is a rich tapestry woven with intricate myths and profound beliefs. It reflects a deep understanding of the cosmos, where the cycles of life and death, creation and destruction, play a crucial role in the existence of the universe. Central to this worldview is the Sun, revered not only as a celestial body but as a vital force that nourishes life and sustains the world.

In Aztec mythology, the Sun is more than a mere star; it embodies the essence of divinity and is intricately linked to the gods. The concept of the Four Previous Suns is foundational in understanding the Aztec perception of time and existence. Each Sun represents a distinct era, marked by creation, destruction, and rebirth, shaping the narrative of the cosmos.

II. The Creation of the World

The mythological backdrop of creation in Aztec cosmology is rich with symbolism and divine intervention. According to the myths, before the current world existed, there was a time of chaos and darkness, where the gods convened to create a new reality. The primary deities involved in this cosmic creation included Tezcatlipoca, the god of the night and sorcery, and Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent god of wind and wisdom.

Through their power and conflict, the gods shaped the cosmos, resulting in the emergence of the Four Suns, each corresponding to a specific age of existence:

• The First Sun: Tezcatlipoca and the Age of the Jaguar
• The Second Sun: Quetzalcoatl and the Age of the Wind
• The Third Sun: Tlaloc and the Age of Rain
• The Fourth Sun: Chalchiuhtlicue and the Age of Water

Each era ended in cataclysm, paving the way for the next Sun, a cycle that reflects the perpetual nature of life and death in Aztec belief.

III. The First Sun: Tezcatlipoca and the Age of the Jaguar

The First Sun, ruled by Tezcatlipoca, is characterized by ferocity and power, symbolized by the jaguar. Tezcatlipoca, often depicted as a dark figure, represents chaos and conflict. This era is marked by the struggle between gods and the creation of humanity from the bones of previous beings.

Key myths of the First Sun include:

• The creation of the first humans from the bones of prior beings.
• The fierce battles among the gods, leading to the creation of the jaguar.
• The eventual destruction of this era by jaguars, representing both the power and ferocity of nature.

The end of the First Sun was cataclysmic, as jaguars devoured the inhabitants, leading to a new era of existence.

IV. The Second Sun: Quetzalcoatl and the Age of the Wind

The Second Sun is associated with Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, symbolizing wisdom, life, and wind. This era is characterized by a flourishing of humanity, as Quetzalcoatl taught the people agriculture, arts, and civilization.

Notable aspects of the Second Sun include:

• The establishment of civilization and culture through Quetzalcoatl’s teachings.
• The harmony between humans and the natural world.

However, this age also faced its downfall. The Second Sun ended when a great wind swept through the land, annihilating humanity and leaving only a few survivors, marking the transition to the Third Sun.

V. The Third Sun: Tlaloc and the Age of Rain

The Third Sun is ruled by Tlaloc, the god of rain and fertility. This era is characterized by an abundance of water and life, as Tlaloc provided the necessary elements for growth and sustenance.

During the Age of Rain:

• Life flourished with vegetation and animal populations thriving.
• Humanity prospered, relying on Tlaloc’s gifts for agriculture.

However, this prosperity was short-lived. The Third Sun met its end through a series of catastrophic events, including floods and storms, leading to the destruction of life and the transition into the Fourth Sun.

VI. The Fourth Sun: Chalchiuhtlicue and the Age of Water

The Fourth Sun is represented by Chalchiuhtlicue, the goddess of rivers and lakes, symbolizing water’s nurturing and destructive powers. This era is characterized by a deep connection to water, reflecting its dual nature as both life-giver and destroyer.

Key elements of the Fourth Sun include:

• The reverence for water as a source of life and sustenance.
• Myths surrounding Chalchiuhtlicue’s role in the creation and destruction of life.

This age eventually came to an end with a great flood, causing massive destruction and leading to the rise of the Fifth Sun, the era of the current world.

VII. The Fifth Sun: The Current Era and Its Significance

The Fifth Sun represents the current era and is often referred to as the Sun of Movement. It is characterized by the struggles and challenges faced by humanity, reflecting the ongoing themes of creation and destruction. This Sun is associated with the deity Tonatiuh, the solar god who demands sacrifice to ensure the sun’s continued journey across the sky.

Prophecies and beliefs surrounding the Fifth Sun include:

• The eventual end of this era, foreseen as a time of great turmoil.
• The belief that human offerings are necessary to sustain the sun and prevent catastrophe.

In contemporary Aztec culture, the Four Previous Suns serve as a reminder of the cyclical nature of existence, emphasizing the importance of balance between humanity and the cosmos.

VIII. Conclusion: The Legacy of the Four Suns in Aztec Mythology

The myths of the Four Previous Suns encapsulate key themes of Aztec cosmology, including the interplay of creation and destruction, the significance of divine intervention, and the cyclical nature of life. These stories continue to resonate, influencing Aztec identity and cultural heritage.

As we explore these ancient beliefs, we gain insights into the enduring legacy of Aztec mythology and its relevance in understanding the complexities of life and existence. The Four Suns remind us of the importance of harmony with nature and the divine, inviting further exploration into the rich world of Aztec cosmological beliefs.